Harvard KAU - a reference manual from Karlstad University Library

The reference list is  a complete list of all the cited references used in your work with full bibliographic details, to allow the reader to follow up these references and find the original text. The reference list is sorted alphabetically by author.  If there are multiple works by the same author these are ordered by date, oldest one first. If the works are in the same year they are ordered alphabetically by the title and a letter (a,b,c etc) is added to the date, e.g. (1998a). Each reference entry should have an indent for all but the first line. This is called a hanging indent and can be formatted easily in most word processing software packages.

In-text citation:

If you use the author’s surname in a sentence, you need only add the year of publication in brackets.

Reference list:

Multiple references by the same author/s
If you cite two or more references by the same author/s, arrange them in chronological order, starting with the earliest date.

When referring to two or more authors at one point in the text, list them in alphabetical order, separated by semicolon.

Two authors
If a work has 2 authors, cite the names in the order in which they appear in the reference list.

If the author names are integrated into the sentence, use 'and' instead of the ampersand '&'.

Authors with the same surname

When citing references written by authors with the same surname, include the authors’ initials in in-text citations. 

OR

Three or more authors

If a work has 3 or more authors, cite only the surname of the first-listed author followed by ‘et al.’in the text. This is a short form for “et alii” meaning “and others”.

Reference list:

Corporate author - use of acronyms/abbreviations

Companies, authorities and organizations also produce publications and are listed as the author if no author is mentioned. The organization’s name is usually written in full every time it is quoted. For organizations with well-known acronyms, use the full name in the first instance, followed by the acronym in square brackets. From then on, just use the acronym.

In-text citation:
First citation:

Second citation:

Provide the full name of the organization in the reference list.

Reference list:

If you are unsure when the book is published, you can look up the title in the National Union Catalog - Libris.

• Search in Libris.

If the publication date of a web page or document is un-identifiable,  use the abbreviation  “n.d.” (no date) in brackets instead of the year.

Author with several publications the same year

The same author may have two or more publications released the same year. Then add a, b, c etc. immediately after the year to distinguish the different references from each other. The letter used is determined by the alphabetical list of references at the end of the document, not the order in which the sources appear in the body of your assignment.

In-text citation:

Reference list:

Reprints of classic original works:

For works which are reprints of classic original works, the reference should include details of the original date of the work and reprinting details.

In-text citation:

Reference list:

The edition statement is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary for a first edition.

Reference list:

References are listed at the end of your work and arranged alphabetically A-Z by the surname of the author.